1  Introduction
  1.1  Low-Carbon Technologies: Global Trends and Developments
    1.1.1  The Current Situation and Impacts of Carbon Emissions
    1.1.2  Targets and Policies of Low-Carbon Emission Reduction
  1.2  Trends in Global Hydrogen Energy Development
  1.3  The Transition from Carbon Metallurgy to Hydrogen Metallurgy
    1.3.1  Low-Carbonization Trends in the Iron and Steel Industry
    1.3.2  Proposed Concept of Hydrogen Metallurgy
  1.4  Research Status of Hydrogen Metallurgy
    1.4.1  Development Status of Hydrogen Metallurgy
    1.4.2  Challenges for Hydrogen Metallurgy
  1.5  Summary
  References
2  Hydrogen Production and Storage
  2.1  Hydrogen in Nature
    2.1.1  The Discovery of Hydrogen
    2.1.2  Hydrogen and Its Family of Isotopes
    2.1.3  Distribution of Hydrogen in Nature
  2.2  The Method of Hydrogen Production
    2.2.1  Hydrogen Production with Fossil Fuels
    2.2.2  Hydrogen Production with Methanol
    2.2.3  Biological Hydrogen Production
    2.2.4  Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis of Water
    2.2.5  Nuclear Hydrogen Production
    2.2.6  Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Production Methods for Hydrogen Metallurgy: A Critical Comparison
  2.3  Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen
    2.3.1  Pipeline Transportation
    2.3.2  High-Pressure Gas Cylinders
    2.3.3  Water-Sealed Gasholder
    2.3.4  Liquid Hydrogen
    2.3.5  Physically Adsorbed Hydrogen Storage Materials
  2.4  Hydrogen Safety
    2.4.1  Potential Safety Risks of Hydrogen
    2.4.2  Basic Knowledge of Hydrogen Safety
    2.4.3  Hydrogen Combustion and Explosion
    2.4.4  High-Pressure Hydrogen and Liquid Hydrogen
    2.4.5  Safety Issues Caused by Hydrogen Embrittlement
    2.4.6  Safety Issues of Hydrogen Storage Alloys
  2.5  Summary
  References
3  Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides with Hydrogen
  3.1  Thermodynamic Analysis of the Direct Reduction Process with Hydrogen
    3.1.1  Thermodynamic Mechanism of the Direct Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxides
    3.1.2  Thermodynamic Effects of Gas Components on the Reduction Reaction
    3.1.3  Gibbs Free Energy Principle of the Gas-Based Direct Reduction Reaction
    3.1.4  Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxides
    3.1.5  Constituents of Fel_xO Under Different Temperatures
  3.2  Kinetics Analysis of the Direct Reduction Process with Hydrogen
    3.2.1  Kinetics for the Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides with Hydrogen
    3.2.2  Theoretical Models of Reaction Kinetics
    3.2.3  Factors Affecting Rate Controlling Steps in Reduction Kinetics
  3.3  Influence of Different Parameters on Direct Reduction Reactions
    3.3.1  Influence of Temperature on the Reduction Rate
    3.3.2  Influence of Pressure on the Reaction Rate
    3.3.3  Influence of Gas Concentration on the Reduction Rate
    3.3.4  Influence of Particle Size and Porosity on the Reduction Rate
    3.3.5  Influence of Ore Types on the Reduction Rate
    3.3.6  Influence of Vapor Generation on the Reduction Rate
  3.4  Differences in Reduction Processes of Iron Oxides with CO and H2
    3.4.1  Thermodynamic Differences in the Reduction Process of Iron Oxides
    3.4.2  Kinetic Difference in the Reduction Process of Iron Oxides
  3.5  Analysis of Hydrogen-Carbon Coupling in Industrial Direct Reduction
    3.5.1  Current Status of Industrial Application of Hydrogen-Carbon Coupling Direct Reduction Technique
    3.5.2  Chemical Reactions of the Hydrogen-Carbon Coupling Direct Reduction Technique
    3.5.3  Requirements of Reducing Gas in Industrial Direct Reduction
    3.5.4  Influence of H2/CO Volume Ratios and Reduction Temperatures on the Coal Gas Utilization Rate
  3.6  Industrial Practice of Hydrogen Direct Reduction
    3.6.1  Economic Benefit of the Hydrogen Direct Reduction Technique
    3.6.2  Current Status of the Direct Reduction Technique with Hydrogen
    3.6.3  Development Directions in DRI with Hydrogen
  3.7  Summary
  References
4  Hydrogen Smelting Reduction of Iron Oxides
  4.1  Thermodynamic Analysis
    4.1.1  Thermodynamic Analysis of Smelting Reduction
    4.1.2  Thermodynamic Calculations of Hydrogen Reduction at High Temperatures
    4.1.3  Calculations of Equilibrium Components of the C-H2-O2-H20-CO-CO2 System
  4.2  Kinetic Analysis
    4.2.1  Kinetic Analysis of Molten Iron Oxide Reduction with Hydrogen
    4.2.2  Comparison Between Hydrogen and Other Reducing Agents
  4.3  Behavior of Hydrogen in Molten Iron Oxides
    4.3.1  Hydrogen Metallurgy at High Temperatures
    4.3.2  Dissolution of Hydrogen in Molten Iron Oxides
    4.3.3  Hydrogen Dissolution in Slag
  4.4  Industrial Practice of Hydrogen Smelting Reduction
    4.4.1  Semi-Industrialized Experiment
    4.4.2  Industrial Practice
  4.5  Summary
  References
5  Reduction of Iron Oxides with Hydrogen Plasma
  5.1  Fundamental Properties of Plasma
    5.1.1  Definition of Plasma
    5.1.2  Properties of Plasma
    5.1.3  Classification of Plasma
  5.2  Reduction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Plasma
    5.2.1  Hot Hydrogen Plasma
    5.2.2  Cold Hydrogen Plasma
  5.3  Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
    5.3.1  Thermodynamics of Hot Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
    5.3.2  Thermodynamics of Cold Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
  5.4  Kinetic Analysis of Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
    5.4.1  Kinetics of Hot Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
    5.4.2  Kinetics of Cold Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
  5.5  Industrial Practice of Hydrogen Plasma Reduction
  5.6  Summary
  References
6  The Behavior of Hydrogen in BF Ironmaking
  6.1  Progress and Challenges of Modern Blast Furnaces
    6.1.1  Proposition of Low-Carbon Blast Furnace Ironmaking Technology
    6.1.2  Development of Blast Furnace Hydrogen-Rich Metallurgy
  6.2  Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Reaction in BF
    6.2.1  Utilization Degree of CO and H2
    6.2.2  Reduction Thermodynamics
    6.2.3  Thermodynamics of Reduction with H2-Gas Mixtures
    6.2.4  Thermodynamic Behavior of Iron Oxide Reduction for Different H2-CO Ratios
  6.3  Reaction Kinetics of Hydrogen in BF
    6.3.1  Kinetic Analysis
    6.3.2  Mechanism of Iron Oxide Reduction with Hydrogen in BF
    6.3.3  Calculation of the Hydrogen Reduction Kinetics
    6.3.4  Kinetic Model of Iron Oxide Reduction with H2-CO Gas Mixture
  6.4  Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on the Smelting State of BF
    6.4.1  Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on the BF Temperature and Concentration Fields
    6.4.2  Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on the Performance of Blast Furnace Charge
    6.4.3  Effect of H2 Content in Coal Injection on Blast Furnace
    6.4.4  Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Gas Reduction on Blast Furnace Operation
    6.4.5  Issues in the Hydrogen-Rich Blast Furnace
  6.5  Exploration and Practice of Hydrogen-Rich Blast Furnace Smelting
    6.5.1  COURSE50 in Japan
    6.5.2  German Blast Furnace Hydrogen Injection
    6.5.3  Blast Furnace Gas Injection in Russia
    6.5.4  Blast Furnace Gas Injection in China
  6.6  Summary
  References
7  Hydrogen Behavior in the Sintering Process
  7.1  An Overview of Hydrogen Behavior in Sintering
    7.1.1  Development of Super-SINTER
    7.1.2  Technological Principle
  7.2  Mechanisms of Hydrogen-Rich Effects on the Sintering Process
    7.2.1  Effects of Gaseous Fuel Injection Method on Sintering Performance
    7.2.2  Effect of Gaseous Fuel Injection on Temperature Distribution
    7.2.3  Effect of LNG Injection on the Interlayered Pores
    7.2.4  Effects of LNG Injection on Permeability
  7.3  Behavior of Hydrogen and Carbon During Sintering
    7.3.1  Effect of Hydrogen and Carbon on the Sinter Bed
    7.3.2  Mineral Phases of Sinter Ore
    7.3.3  Economic and Technical Indicators of Sintering
    7.3.4  Reduction Behavior of Iron-Containing Charge in a Hydrogen-Rich Atmosphere
  7.4  Hydrogen-Rich Practice in Sintering
    7.4.1  Hydrogen-Rich Sintering in China
    7.4.2  Recent Developments in Hydrogen Sintering
  7.5  Summary
  References
8 Future Prospects